From this website, I’m finding common separation techniques to be:

I realize that that is a lot, so if you are looking for specific techniques and not all of these, just scroll through and find what you need.

I added big headings to make it easier to find what you need.

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PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

A basic setup can look like this:

What you have is a container with a liquid in it; this solvent is may or may not have similar properties (polarity; a defined positive and negative end of a molecule) with the mixture blotted onto the paper.

The solvent travels up the paper.

So, you get different chemicals traveling at different speeds up the paper, separating them from each other in the mixture.

FILTRATION

Basically, filtration is taking advantage of the size of the particles in a mixture to separate them.

The setup you see above is a sand/water mixture, and all that’s happening is that it’s put through filter paper (such as a coffee filter).

The filter paper has small pores that are smaller than the sand itself, so the sand gets stuck on one side of the filter paper while the water drips through because water molecules are small enough to get through.

So, your sand (residue) and water (filtrate) are separated by their size.

EVAPORATION

This is actually not that complicated; if you have a mixture of water and salt, and you heat it a lot, the water will eventually reach its boiling point, the temperature where it wants to become a gas.

So, the water vaporizes, and floats up into the air, leaving the salt by itself. With that, you’ve isolated the salt by removing the water.

SIMPLE DISTILLATION

This is a little more complicated, but basically built off of evaporation. There is still heating involved and your water is still vaporizing.

The only difference is that now, you’ve attached a condenser tube that is surrounded by cold liquid. This cold liquid forces the water vapor to condense back down to a liquid and travel into a new container.

So, basically, simple distillation is just evaporation with a way to collect your water instead of letting it float up into the air.

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

This can get complicated, but it’s a similar principle to “simple distillation”.

The main difference between simple and fractional distillation is that now you’re dealing with two liquids instead of a solid in a liquid.

With two liquids, which are generally similar in feel, it’s more delicate of a process, so it takes longer.

In this case, two different liquids might have different boiling points, which is the idea used here. It means one will become a gas more easily than the other.

The basic principles found in distillation are the same; it’s basically special evaporation with a way to collect the vaporized liquid.

MAGNETISM

Here, you would have to know ahead of time whether one substance will respond to a magnet or not.

For example, iron will get attracted to a magnet, but sand will not, so you can pull the iron out and leave the sand back in the container.

SEPARATING FUNNEL

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