Instructions:

Write a short essay (between 2-3 pages each) on 2 !!!!!! of the 3 topics presented below. Each essay is worth 50 points for a total of 100 points. No outside resources needed, please read the lecture 4 material carefully, all information can get from the Lecture 4 file, and the rest files are support files.

1. Outline the basic principles of the relationship between energy dynamics (specifically the 3 aspects of energy dynamics discussed by Peter Ellison & in lectures) and the regulation of fecundity/fertility in women (Hint: Make sure to name/define these different aspects of energy dynamics). How important is body fat in the regulation of ovarian function? Discuss whether there is a similar relationship between energetics and reproductive function in males. How important has energy allocation been as a selective factor?

2. Nutrition and infectious disease are two factors that are of prime importance in shaping human growth. Describe what is presently known about the timing of when these factors exert their greatest influence on growth in humans. How does the concept of secular change fit into the paradigm of natural selection (i.e., are secular trends adaptations?) (Hint: You might want to define and discuss the concepts of adaptation and adaptability). Do you think it is appropriate to consider small body size in adults as an adaptation? What about life history trade-offs? Make sure to support your answer.

3. Stress is the result of several factors both environmental and social. What is the relationship of stress and life history traits (with particular attention paid to energy allocation)? What were the key findings of the Michael Marmot/Whitehall studies on stress and health? What aspects of social life appear to be the most important in triggering the stress response?