1. List and discuss the main characteristics of the following sites:

Hadar Laetoli Olduvai Gorge

1. Describe and explain the material culture left by the following

A./P. robustus H. habilis H. erectus

1. (sapiens) neanderthalensis. Archaic Homo sapiens

1. Compare and contrast the physical attributes of the following pair:

• Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus robustus
• Homo habilis and Homo erectus
• Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
• Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis and Homo (sapiens) sapiens

1. List and define the parts of the human skeleton; compare those features with the great apes and the fossil hominids. On that basis, list and define the attributes of the intermediate hominids (australopithecines and early homo).

1. Discuss the following concepts associated with archaeology

Uniformitarianism Catastrophism Law of Superposition

Stratigraphy Law of Association

1. Discuss the procedures involved in the following dating techniques, and indicate which is (are) relative dating, which is (are) absolute dating, and reasons for your answer. Of the absolute dating, which is (are) isotopic, and the reasons they are called such:

Stratigraphy Dendrochronology Radiocarbon dating

Accelerated mass spectrometry Radiopotassium dating

1. To date human and material culture remains, certain datable material must be present. Select three dating techniques and indicate what datable material must be present for each technique.

1. Describe the leading attributes of the following traditions:

Oldowan Abbevillian Acheulean

Levallois Mousterian Upper Paleolithic

1. Compare and contrast the main skeletal features of quadrupedalism with bipedalism, using the cat, Old World monkey, chimpanzee, and human skeleton.

1. Describe and explain some of the advantages of bipedalism from the standpoint of human material culture, survival in the savanna, and other mentioned in lectures and text.

1. Explain the difficulties of determining whether language existed in the past; include in your discussion the mechanisms of speech (both in the left hemisphere of the brain and in the vocal tract).

1. Compare and contrast the main explanations for the migration of modern Homo sapiens: (a) “Out-of-Africa” (Recent African Origin and many other names) and (b) Multiregional Evolution) models. Discuss the evidence for each of these theories.

1. What is a polytypic population, and how does it relate to the concept of race? Is there any validity to race as a scientific concept in human biology? How about race as a valid cultural concept? Defend your answer.

1. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What might be the factors for the change in this equilibrium?

1. Discuss the relationship between polymorphism and adaptation: are skin color and body morphology really reflective of physical adaptation to the environment. How about culture? Argue for or against.

1. Discuss the interaction between the influences of disease combined with environment on human populations. Include in your discussion both genetic (Tay-Sachs, Sickle Cell anemia) and non-genetic (the usual suspects from AIDS to cancer to smallpox) diseases.

1. Explain the general procedures of forensic science, building from the bone structure to the actual body. You might include in your discussion how the Iceman was reconstructed. How does that aid criminal investigations?

1. Explain sexual dimorphism among human populations when it comes to secondary characteristics (all differences apart from genitalia). In other words, what separates the boys from the girls (of all ages, of course)?

1. Discuss the issues regarding Neanderthal, including whether they are a separate species from ourselves, whether they could plan ahead, whether they had compassion and a sense of the afterlife, and whether their tool-making and tool use capacity were equal to our