1. Truly moral individuals:

   	a.	Do the right thing to avoid punishment.
   	b.	Conform to others’ expectations.
   	c.	Have developed compassionate concerns and principles of good conduct.
   	d.	Do the right thing for the sake of social conformity.

5 points

QUESTION 2

1. In early childhood, roughly between the ages of 2 and 6, cartilage hardens into bone to create approximately 45 new growth centers in the skeleton called:

   	a.	Epiphyses.
   	b.	Synapses.
   	c.	Bone densities.
   	d.	Corpus callosums.

5 points

QUESTION 3

1. Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because “she lies.” This is an example of __________ aggression.

   	a.	Direct.
   	b.	Verbal.
   	c.	Instrumental.
   	d.	Relational.

5 points

QUESTION 4

1. In Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, toddlers can be helped to reconcile the challenge of autonomy versus shame and doubt through:

   	a.	Having harsh limits placed on them.
   	b.	Having no limits placed on them.
   	c.	Parental shaming of undesirable behaviors.
   	d.	Support from parents in the form of guidance and reasonable choices.

5 points

QUESTION 5

1. Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.

   	a.	Associative.
   	b.	Parallel.
   	c.	Nonsocial.
   	d.	Cooperative.

5 points

QUESTION 6

1. Which of the following is true about the effects of harsh punishment?

   	a.	Harshly treated children are rarely aggressive toward other children.
   	b.	Adults whose parents used corporal punishment tend to reject such discipline.
   	c.	Harsh punishment induces a sense of being personally threatened.
   	d.	Harsh punishment causes children to be overly sensitive and empathetic.

5 points

QUESTION 7

1. According to Erikson, once preschoolers have a sense of autonomy, they become less _______ than they were as toddlers.

   	a.	Playful.
   	b.	Industrious.
   	c.	Contrary.
   	d.	Purposeful.

5 points

QUESTION 8

1. Recall memory is more challenging to develop than recognition because:

   	a.	The memories may be traumatic.
   	b.	It involves remembering something that is not present.
   	c.	It involves comparing one stimulus to one previously experienced.
   	d.	The memories have been forgotten due to habituation.

5 points

QUESTION 9

1. Authoritarian parents:

   	a.	Make few or no demands.
   	b.	Permit children to make age-appropriate decisions.
   	c.	Rarely listen to the child’s point of view.
   	d.	Are emotionally detached and withdrawn.

5 points

QUESTION 10

1. __________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents.

   	a.	Strangers.
   	b.	Parents.
   	c.	School officials.
   	d.	Child-care workers.

5 points

QUESTION 11

1. Neurons that are not often used will lose their synapses through the process of:

   	a.	Experience-expectant brain growth.
   	b.	Experience-dependent brain growth.
   	c.	Brain lateralization.
   	d.	Synaptic pruning.

5 points

QUESTION 12

1. Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

   	a.	Fast-mapping.
   	b.	An expansion.
   	c.	An overregularization.
   	d.	A recast.

5 points

QUESTION 13

1. Infants are born with 100 to 200 billion neurons. Neurons connect with other neurons between synapses. To make room for these connections some cells will die off naturally through:

   	a.	Myelination.
   	b.	Programmed cell death.
   	c.	Cephalocaudal trend.
   	d.	Proximodistal trend.

5 points

QUESTION 14

1. In infancy Elsa was easily upset, and had great difficulty in adapting to new situations. Aja was cheerful and tended to accept new situations fairly easily. According to Thomas and Chess,

   	a.	Aja is at higher risk for adjustment problems in early childhood.
   	b.	Elsa is at higher risk for adjustment problems in early childhood.
   	c.	Both children are at equal risk for adjustment problems in early childhood.
   	d.	Neither child is at risk for adjustment problems in early childhood.

5 points

QUESTION 15

1. ____________ is a mental representation that we develop to help us organize an experience.

   	a.	An object.
   	b.	A scheme.
   	c.	Core knowledge.
   	d.	An automatic process.

5 points

QUESTION 16

1. A major reason that sustained attention improves in the preschool years is:

   	a.	A steady gain in children’s ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal.
   	b.	That adults use scaffolding to help children focus.
   	c.	That children become bored by novelty.
   	d.	That children begin to distinguish appearance from reality.

5 points

QUESTION 17

1. __________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.

   	a.	Carcinogens.
   	b.	Unintentional injuries.
   	c.	Birth defects.
   	d.	Infectious diseases.

5 points

QUESTION 18

1. Part of emotional development in early childhood is the emergence of ______________, which is the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments.

   	a.	Self-conscious.
   	b.	Effortful control.
   	c.	Self-esteem.
   	d.	Prosocial behavior.

5 points

QUESTION 19

1. Research shows that children more often use private speech when:

   	a.	They have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.
   	b.	They are engaged in cooperative dialogues.
   	c.	Tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.
   	d.	They cannot find a conversational partner.

5 points

QUESTION 20

1. When children develop a secure attachment with caregivers, they develop a positive ________________about the availability of attachment figures and their ability to provide comfort in times of stress.

   	a.	Environmental model.
   	b.	Ethological attachment.
   	c.	Temperament.
   	d.	Internal working model.