UV/VIS spectroscopy is used for the quantitative determination of different substances.

The intensity of absorption at a given wavelength is related to the concentration by the Beer-Lambert Law:

##A = log(I_0/I) = εcL##, where

##A## is the measured absorbance
##I_0## is the intensity of the incident light
##I## is the intensity of the transmitted light
##c## is the concentration
##L## is the path length through the sample

##ε## is a proportionality constant called the molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient.

Common analytes are transition metal ions, conjugated organic compounds, and biological molecules.

Transition metal ions

Solutions of transition metal ions can absorb visible light because electrons in the metal atoms can be excited from one electronic state to another.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cr(hexammine)3%2Bpng/300px-Cr(hexammine)3%2Bpng

The UV-visible spectrum of Cr(NH₃)₆³⁺ shows two weak transitions in the visible, corresponding to transitions between the d orbitals.

Conjugated Organic Compounds

Conjugated organic compounds absorb light UV/VIS light when their π electrons are excited to higher energy orbitals.

The highly conjugated food dye Red 3 absorbs at 524 nm.

This is in the green region of the spectrum, so the compound appears red to our eyes.

Biological Molecules

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) absorbs UV light at 260 nm due to its conjugated π systems.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Some practical applications of UV/VIS spectrometry are:

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